email.contentmanager: Managing MIME Content

Source code: Lib/email/contentmanager.py

Added in version 3.6: [1]

class email.contentmanager.ContentManager

Base class for content managers. Provides the standard registry mechanisms to register converters between MIME content and other representations, as well as the get_content and set_content dispatch methods.

get_content(msg, *args, **kw)

Look up a handler function based on the mimetype of msg (see next paragraph), call it, passing through all arguments, and return the result of the call. The expectation is that the handler will extract the payload from msg and return an object that encodes information about the extracted data.

To find the handler, look for the following keys in the registry, stopping with the first one found:

  • the string representing the full MIME type (maintype/subtype)

  • the string representing the maintype

  • the empty string

If none of these keys produce a handler, raise a KeyError for the full MIME type.

set_content(msg, obj, *args, **kw)

If the maintype is multipart, raise a TypeError; otherwise look up a handler function based on the type of obj (see next paragraph), call clear_content() on the msg, and call the handler function, passing through all arguments. The expectation is that the handler will transform and store obj into msg, possibly making other changes to msg as well, such as adding various MIME headers to encode information needed to interpret the stored data.

To find the handler, obtain the type of obj (typ = type(obj)), and look for the following keys in the registry, stopping with the first one found:

  • the type itself (typ)

  • the type’s fully qualified name (typ.__module__ + '.' + typ.__qualname__).

  • the type’s qualname (typ.__qualname__)

  • the type’s name (typ.__name__).

If none of the above match, repeat all of the checks above for each of the types in the MRO (typ.__mro__). Finally, if no other key yields a handler, check for a handler for the key None. If there is no handler for None, raise a KeyError for the fully qualified name of the type.

Also add a MIME-Version header if one is not present (see also MIMEPart).

add_get_handler(key, handler)

Record the function handler as the handler for key. For the possible values of key, see get_content().

add_set_handler(typekey, handler)

Record handler as the function to call when an object of a type matching typekey is passed to set_content(). For the possible values of typekey, see set_content().

Content Manager Instances

Currently the email package provides only one concrete content manager, raw_data_manager, although more may be added in the future. raw_data_manager is the content_manager provided by EmailPolicy and its derivatives.

email.contentmanager.raw_data_manager

This content manager provides only a minimum interface beyond that provided by Message itself: it deals only with text, raw byte strings, and Message objects. Nevertheless, it provides significant advantages compared to the base API: get_content on a text part will return a unicode string without the application needing to manually decode it, set_content provides a rich set of options for controlling the headers added to a part and controlling the content transfer encoding, and it enables the use of the various add_ methods, thereby simplifying the creation of multipart messages.

email.contentmanager.get_content(msg, errors='replace')

Return the payload of the part as either a string (for text parts), an EmailMessage object (for message/rfc822 parts), or a bytes object (for all other non-multipart types). Raise a KeyError if called on a multipart. If the part is a text part and errors is specified, use it as the error handler when decoding the payload to unicode. The default error handler is replace.

email.contentmanager.set_content(msg, <'str'>, subtype="plain", charset='utf-8', cte=None, disposition=None, filename=None, cid=None, params=None, headers=None)
email.contentmanager.set_content(msg, <'bytes'>, maintype, subtype, cte="base64", disposition=None, filename=None, cid=None, params=None, headers=None)
email.contentmanager.set_content(msg, <'EmailMessage'>, cte=None, disposition=None, filename=None, cid=None, params=None, headers=None)

Add headers and payload to msg:

Add a Content-Type header with a maintype/subtype value.

  • For str, set the MIME maintype to text, and set the subtype to subtype if it is specified, or plain if it is not.

  • For bytes, use the specified maintype and subtype, or raise a TypeError if they are not specified.

  • For EmailMessage objects, set the maintype to message, and set the subtype to subtype if it is specified or rfc822 if it is not. If subtype is partial, raise an error (bytes objects must be used to construct message/partial parts).

If charset is provided (which is valid only for str), encode the string to bytes using the specified character set. The default is utf-8. If the specified charset is a known alias for a standard MIME charset name, use the standard charset instead.

If cte is set, encode the payload using the specified content transfer encoding, and set the Content-Transfer-Encoding header to that value. Possible values for cte are quoted-printable, base64, 7bit, 8bit, and binary. If the input cannot be encoded in the specified encoding (for example, specifying a cte of 7bit for an input that contains non-ASCII values), raise a ValueError.

  • For str objects, if cte is not set use heuristics to determine the most compact encoding. Prior to encoding, str.splitlines() is used to normalize all line boundaries, ensuring that each line of the payload is terminated by the current policy’s linesep property (even if the original string did not end with one).

  • For bytes objects, cte is taken to be base64 if not set, and the aforementioned newline translation is not performed.

  • For EmailMessage, per RFC 2046, raise an error if a cte of quoted-printable or base64 is requested for subtype rfc822, and for any cte other than 7bit for subtype external-body. For message/rfc822, use 8bit if cte is not specified. For all other values of subtype, use 7bit.

Note

A cte of binary does not actually work correctly yet. The EmailMessage object as modified by set_content is correct, but BytesGenerator does not serialize it correctly.

If disposition is set, use it as the value of the Content-Disposition header. If not specified, and filename is specified, add the header with the value attachment. If disposition is not specified and filename is also not specified, do not add the header. The only valid values for disposition are attachment and inline.

If filename is specified, use it as the value of the filename parameter of the Content-Disposition header.

If cid is specified, add a Content-ID header with cid as its value.

If params is specified, iterate its items method and use the resulting (key, value) pairs to set additional parameters on the Content-Type header.

If headers is specified and is a list of strings of the form headername: headervalue or a list of header objects (distinguished from strings by having a name attribute), add the headers to msg.

Footnotes